Putin, who sent thousands of Russian troops into Ukraine in February 2022, ordered Russian forces to "stop all military activity" along the front line in the three-year-old war until midnight Moscow time on Sunday.
TASS news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov as saying there was no order from Putin to extend the ceasefire.
"There were no other commands," Peskov was quoted as saying when asked if it could be prolonged.
Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha said the Kremlin's actions in coming days "will reveal Russia's true attitude toward US peace efforts" and a proposed 30-day ceasefire.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said Russia was pretending to observe the Easter ceasefire but had in fact continued hundreds of artillery attacks on Saturday night, with more assaults on Sunday.
Russia launched 67 assaults from midnight until 8pm local time, Zelenskiy wrote on X.
"Either Putin does not have full control over his army or the situation proves that in Russia, they have no intention of making a genuine move toward ending the war and are only interested in favourable PR coverage," Zelenskiy posted.
"However, there were no air raid alerts today. Hence, this is a format of ceasefire that has been achieved and that is the easiest to extend," he said, proposing that Russia abandon drone and missile strikes on civilian targets for at least 30 days.
If Russia does not agree, it will be proof that it intends to continue doing only those things that destroy human lives and prolong the war, he added.
Russia's defence ministry said Ukraine had broken the ceasefire more than 1000 times, inflicting damage to infrastructure and causing some civilian deaths.
The ministry said Ukrainian forces had shot at Russian positions 444 times while it had counted more than 900 Ukrainian drone attacks, including attacks on Crimea and on the Russian border areas of the Bryansk, Kursk and Belgorod regions.
"As a result, there are deaths and injuries among the civilian population, as well as damage to civilian facilities," the ministry said.
Ukraine's military said earlier on Sunday that activity on the front line had decreased.
Some Russian military bloggers also said frontline activity had declined substantially.
Reuters was unable to immediately verify the battlefield reports from either side.
The apparent failure to observe even an Easter ceasefire shows how hard it will be for US President Donald Trump to achieve his aim of clinching a lasting deal to end what he calls the "bloodbath" of the Ukraine war.
The US will walk away from efforts to broker a peace deal unless there are clear signs of progress soon, Trump and his secretary of state, Marco Rubio, said on Friday.
Last month, after Ukraine accepted Trump's proposal for a 30-day truce, Putin said crucial issues of verification had not been sorted out.
Both Russia and Ukraine have agreed to a moratorium on attacks on energy targets and at sea, which each accuses the other of breaking.
Zelenskiy reiterated that Ukraine was willing to extend the ceasefire for 30 days but said that if Russia kept fighting on Sunday, so would Ukraine.
"The Ukrainian army is acting - and will continue to act - in a fully symmetrical manner," he wrote on X.
Putin told his top general, Valery Gerasimov, to be ready to respond "in full" if Ukraine broke the truce.
Russia controls just under one-fifth of Ukraine, including Crimea - which it annexed in 2014 - and the regions of Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson.
Putin, when announcing the ceasefire before heading to an Orthodox Easter service, said the truce would show whether or not Ukraine was ready or able to implement peace.
Putin thanked Trump, Chinese President Xi Jinping and leaders from the BRICS group of emerging economies for attempts to mediate.
The European Union reacted cautiously to Putin's ceasefire declaration, saying Russia could stop the war immediately if it wanted to.
United Nations spokesman Stephane Dujarric reiterated UN support "for meaningful efforts towards a just, lasting and comprehensive peace that fully upholds Ukraine's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity".
